Raffles certainly put his stamp on Singapore, but interestingly, he visited the place three times for nine days in January and February 1819 , about four weeks from May to June of the same year, and for eight months from October 1822 to June 1823. the true foundation, which is the hard day to day work of planning and construction, consulting and deciding, was done by the first two UK residents: Farquhar (1819-1823) and Crawford (1823-6). Farquhar has worked with Malaysian leaders to ensure the survival and growth of the British colony on the island of Singapore, while John Crawfurd, another Scot, in fact British Singapore, by signing the Anglo-Malaysian treaty of August 1824 by which the Sultan Hussein and Temenggong (Malay title of nobility usually given to the head of public security) Abdul-Rahman sold the island to the British. Farquhar and Crawfurd slipped into oblivion, while Raffles remained in the spotlight. Most of us, of course as a Singapore Sling.
But in this article I would like to draw your attention to another Raffles, which is, Raffles Lieutenant Governor of Java, a position he held from September 1811 to March 1816, and Raffles author magnificent opus Java in history , published in 1817.
of both a government and a socio-anthropological point of view, it was a very successful administrator. It increased sales by eight by eliminating restrictions on trade and transport, while reducing port charges. And it stimulated greater local participation by removing barriers imposed on relations with the Javanese by the Dutch bureaucracy. In stark contrast to the Dutch approach, his administration is, in his words, to be "not only without fear, but without reproach."
He was a man of vision. He abhorred the attitudes and opinions posted by the colonial Dutch colonialism, are the Dutch leaders in the Dutch East Indies. Raffles, in his History of Java, the introduction begins by stating that ... severe strictures passed as part of this work, on the Dutch administration in Java, ... can, careful restriction fault in the words used, appear to extend to the nation and the typically Dutch character ... He then explicitly says that these observations are intended exclusively to be applied to the colonial government agents and. The orders of the Dutch government in the Netherlands to Batavia authorities, as far as my information continues, breathe a spirit of liberality and goodwill; and I have reason to believe that tyranny and rapacity of its colonial officers, created no less indignation in the Netherlands than in other European countries .
This is the opening paragraph, and in hundreds of subsequent pages, Raffles not severely criticize indeed, and disagree with the government and the Dutch colonial officers. It also shows a great affinity and admiration for the Javanese-the "Javanese" as he refers to them-their behavior, conduct and moral character. They are quick and courteous and even friendly shyness; they have a great sense of propriety and are never rude or brutal.
The comments were, however, no shortage of critics that such was justified. Those of a higher rank, those employed about the court or the administration or the pleasure of luxury of those collected in the capital or engaged in public service, often debauched and corrupt, with many of the vices of civilization without its refinement and ignorance and shortcomings of a coarse state without its simplicity. People in the neighborhood of Batavia are the worst on the island, and the long intercourse with strangers was almost as fatal to the moral of the lower part of Bantam . He clearly blames foreign influence for this behavior. ... but they are removed from the European influence and to foreign reports, the better manners and are happier people . (The history of Java, p. 247/248)
I am convinced that Raffles was also liked by the Javanese, too. How could it otherwise acquired the huge amount of data, information and local knowledge of the island, its people, its customs, lifestyles, artifacts, antiques, flora, fauna, in a period only four and a half years. Of course, much of the information compiled by History had already been collected by other scientists and experts. But in 1814, the information transmitted to him personally by local Javanese, led to the discovery of Borobudur. Local common Javanese, mind you, a village chief, perhaps, that obviously was allowed into his presence and, more importantly, felt comfortable enough to talk with him. The Dutch had had a presence in Semarang for at least 0 years, and the ruins of the temple had been there for many, but never had information about its existence was relayed to the colonial masters. And if it had, they would have been quite indifferent, focused as they were on the money.
The Plates Java Raffles history , published in 1830 in a separate volume to the second edition of the History contains many illustrations relating to Borobudur or in Boro Bodor Raffles of the lyrics. The first of them is Map of the Great Peramidal (sic) called Temple Boro Bodor in the neighborhood Kedu Java .
The Temple of Boro Bodor, plates Raffles history of Java
Not only is the Borobudur covered in detail in Plates history , almost every aspect of life on Java is discussed in detail: agricultural tools, equipment such that a loom weaving and spinning wheel, and tools for batik printing, carpenters tools, weapons and Javanese kris, the old forms of the Javanese alphabet, musical instruments, signs representing pasar or market days, and prints, and Prambanan temples on the Dieng Plateau, inscriptions on stone reproductions in Kevali (near Cirebon) and a stone called Batu Tulis. Of exceptional quality are the aquatint engravings by William Daniell Javanese costume. These include a Javanese of the lower class, a Javanese Chief ordinary dress, a Javanese war dress and court dress, a Madurese rank of mantri , and finally a Papua boy, Dick who came into the Raffles service in Bali and was brought to England by him in 1816 a complete Java folding map of the plates .
The book was in its time not a great commercial success, the 1,500 copies printed for the second edition, only 500 were sold. While at the time undervalued nowadays, it is extremely useful and valuable as a window on Java 0 years ago. It has integrated in its fullness has never been equaled
References :.
• The Java history, Stamford Raffles, Oxford University Press, 1988
• Raffles revisited: analysis and Revaluation of Sir Stamford Raffles ( 1781-1826) by Ernest CT Chew, Associate Professor of history, national University of Singapore
• Wikipedia
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